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September 7, 2008
Yet Another Threat to The Turkish Republic: Postmodernism
[Originally published in Turkish Daily News]
Did you know that the Turkish military sees postmodernism as a “threat” that should be fought against?
We all learned that about a week ago when the new Commander of Land Forces, Gen. Işık Koşaner, made a speech which summarized all the enemies that the Turkish Armed Forces despise. These included the usual groups: “Separatists,” religious orders, and “unpatriotic” circles. But the latter included a new cadre of treacherous citizens: “the post-modernists.”
The high-brow general openly stated:
“The propaganda network that consists of a postmodern clique of some media, academics, finance circles and NGOs are working in order to weaken and disintegrate national unity and national values.”
He also added that these “postmodern” traitors are “manipulated by global powers.”
No more The Truth
Wow. This means that a Turkish professor in a university who sympathizes with, say, Jean Baudrillard rather than Auguste Comte might find himself to be on the “traitor” side. And if he travels to somewhere to join a conference sponsored by some “global power,” his “treason” will be confirmed. Similarly, media pundits who toy with postmodern ideas could also be on the black list of the military.
This sounds very bizarre, to be sure, but like all other ideological rigidities of our military, it is based on some logic. Atatürk, as we know, was a modernist leader. He, at least in rhetoric, founded Turkey on the supposedly unshakable truths of “science and reason.” His doctrine soon became The Truth for the state and nation. And his politics was based on the modern notion of the all-sovereign nation state.
Postmodernism is a philosophical trend which challenges all these notions. First of all, thanks to thinkers such as Thomas Kuhn or Paul Karl Feyerabend, “science and reason” as objective guides have been shaken. Scientific theories, as these philosophers have shown, are indeed influenced by culture. From that premise, postmodernism launched its strongest attack on the notion of The Truth, and, instead, introduced relativism. Now there is your truth and my truth, but not The Truth. (I am not a postmodernist, by the way, am just reporting.) On the political level, postmodernism, at least according to our generals, corresponds to the rise of globalization and the decline of “independence.” Unlike the fully independent modern states of the early 20th century, now the whole world is connected and inter-dependent.
If you are detached observer, you can look at all this and say, “well, if that is where the world is going, then Turkey should adapt itself.” But if you are the Commander of Land Forces, you apparently don’t say that. You think that the world is creating ideas and trends that conflict with Atatürk’s sacred principles. So, you think, not just the world but also your citizens who prefer to stay tuned with the world, are your enemies.
Nothing can be clearer than this to show that the Turkish Republic is basically an ideological state — not a democratic one. It was founded to serve and protect a political doctrine, not the individual choices of its citizens. With his speech, Gen. Işık Koşaner reminded all of us of that bitter truth.
Another speech that coincided with that was by an even higher — actually the highest — general, the new Chief of Staff İlker Başbuğ. In fact, unlike Gen. Koşaner, who sounded a bit like an anti-globalization activist from Seattle, Gen. Başbuğ took a more reasonable line on the rise of the flat new world. “It is not realistic to oppose globalization totally,” he said. “What is important is to be a part of globalization without harming the nation-state.”
Fair enough. But Gen. Başbuğ had another gem in his speech, which was less comforting. He said:
“It is the duty of the welfare state to provide each citizen a life standard worthy of human dignity. And it is a fact that the decline of the welfare state leads societies to the rise of communalism. In this context, some of the growing communities [in Turkey], are trying to influence the economy, shape the socio-political life, and express their social identities as a way of life based on religion. The measures that need to be taken against this phenomenon need to be based on social analysis.”
Threats, threats, everywhere
It is interesting, right? In normal countries the military protects the national borders. Here, the military plans how to get rid of “a way of life based on religion” by empowering the welfare state. Perhaps the decisions taken by the high judiciary — the military’s best ally — in the recent years in order to ban privatizations, block foreign capital and curb the general liberalization of the Turkish economy had something to do with this.
Anyway, we understand that our military likes the welfare state — despite the fact that it is in crisis everywhere in Europe. Decades of experience have shown that a state which guarantees to take care of every citizen leads to laziness and lack of creativity. But wouldn’t needy people be in trouble if there is no welfare system? In the US, that vacuum is filled to a great extent by charity, which often comes from religious individuals communities. The same thing is actually happening in Turkey with the rise of religion-motivated charity organizations. From an economic perspective, you can say it is good because the ineffective welfare state is being replaced by free-market capitalism and civil society based charity.
But the military doesn’t see it that way. Where others see progress, they see threat. And as the world moves, those threats become just more and more abundant.
Posted by Mustafa Akyol at September 7, 2008 1:36 PM


As usual, Mr.Akyol's article is a function of his ideology, not of serious analysis or knowledge of the reality. He likes to boast about how informed he is as opposed to those outdated 'secularist-Kemalist-militarist fundamentalists'. But clearly, Mr.Akyol has no clue whatsoever about debates in Europe about the concept of the welfare state. First of all, there is no one-size-fits-all model of welfare state in Europe. There are many models, which have substantial differences between themselves: the French one, the German one, even within Scandinavia there are different models - the Danish one is not the same as the Swedish.
Second,contrary to Akyol's assertion, some of these models work quite well. For example, both Swedes and Danish have managed to promote private enterprise and maintain high level of welfare. The key is to invest in education and health, for educated and healthy citizens are more likely to be productive and creative economic agents. By boosting education and health-care the state invests in its economic prosperity. It is plainly ridiculous to assert, as Akyol does, that market and faith-based initiatives can be a substitute for this. Finland and Sweden are no less competitive that USA, yet they also have much higher standard of social security. What Akyol does, is in fact just repeating old and bankrupt mantras of American neoconservatives. It would be interesting to know, who are those "others", who "see progress" in these ideas and whom Akyol refers to in the end of his article. May be, he refers to those 70% of Americans who after 8 years of George Bush's "God-inspired" presidency feel their country is on wrong track??
Mr.Akyol is not interested in serious empirical analysis. His chief preoccupation is to promote his ideological agenda. That's why Akyol is among those who try to contaminate Turkey with creationism and other nonsense. And of course, this is why he is so fond of "religion-based charity organisations", who will "take care" of Turkey's poor (and brainwash them in the process). He has every democratic right to advocate his point of view, however ridiculous and harmful it seems to many people. But the rest of us has the same right and even duty to expose Mr.Akyol's views as dangerous fallacy.
Posted by: Parviz at September 8, 2008 12:56 AM
Parviz,
Speaking of models, there are a female ones in Europe too.
But seriously, what are the tax rates in Europe to support those welfare states?
And why is there the need for welfare? Are there actually less privileged people waiting for hand outs in Europe too?
Maybe we should call it workfare, or 'get off your butt and get on the bus' fare . . .
Did I hear someone suggest the EU is a failed experiment?
Posted by: metin at September 11, 2008 10:08 AM
Metin
Speaking of female models, to my knowledge they are also found in abundant numbers in Turkey, not just "Europe")) Isn't that true?
I won't engage in a long dissertation about taxes in Europe, but you can't deny that on the whole Europe is socially much more coherent than the US. Of course, there is no denying that the US model has its advantages. But to say that the EU is "a failed experiment" seems way too far-fetched. If that is so, why would so many countries willing to join it?
Posted by: Parviz at September 11, 2008 6:55 PM
Parviz,
For some reason I was analyzing Europe and the EU as two different animals.
For example, Turkey is part of Europe, but will never be part of the EU. And arguably shouldn't.
As for "so many countries willing to join it," some have no choice, some actually haven't, some like to stay in power, some love to be led, and then some others beg as a matter of national pride.
Socially more coherent? Europe? I don't think so. The US still has its morals. And I don't mean that in a non-secularist way...
:)
The US is socially less expensive, more liberated and federated than Europe. We don't have states fighting over who's the best. Germany and England will never give up their nationalist pride of their 'glorious' pasts, while France still acts like their opinion matters.
:)
I can't argue about female models however. But the US has some good ones to offer as well. Collectively, Brazil is still A-OK too.
:)
Posted by: metin at September 13, 2008 3:39 PM
Just to add to your comments: Nowhere in the developed Western world, including the US, the issue of poverty is left to the mercy of charities. Unfortunately, the Turkish government repeatedly refuses to deal with the issue of poverty in an institutionalized context. Unemployment payments, unemployment aid, and etc. were left out in the latest Social Security Reform. It is apparent that the AKP's policy addresses this issue through charity organizations (those similar to Deniz Feneri and etc.) and informal networks just like in the old days when "wealthy" assisted the "poor" predominantly through religious practices that in my opinion are outdated in developed countries. I also find these practices potentially insulting that benefits the "wealthy" the most. In principle, governments should not leave the well being of the poor citizens at the mercy of pious wealthy. Poverty is a social problem, and must be addressed by the state through prudent social policies and institutions. In terms of social policy, AKP failed miserably, just like the previous governments.
Posted by: cingoz at September 14, 2008 12:13 AM
My mother is Turkish (my father is American). We have an apartment in Izmir and a summer house in Cesme, so while I do go back every summer, I spend most of the year in America (We live in Washington, D.C. but I attend school in Philadelphia).
We have Turkish TV in our house but anything I know about the Turkish government, I hear from my mother and my mother's family back in Turkey.
Turkey can be pretty secular at times, but in case the President does try to implement rules like women wearing head scarves, wouldn't it be the military that steps in to stop it? When I was in Cesme, everyone was always talking about how they were scared that Turkey "will turn into the next Iran." Although no one wants to live in a country that is controlled by the military, what guarantees that Turkey won't turn into one of the more Islamic countries? One second we are frolicking on the beaches of Illica, and the next second, we could just as easily have the Clothing Police. Although Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir (as well as other cities) are highly modern, most of the East isn't, and those areas are much more populated.
-Jennifer Ece-
Posted by: *Jennifer Ece* at September 30, 2008 7:12 AM
Jennifer,
Our Prime Minister's solution to your (and millions of others') legitimate question was a deceivingly simple one, which I think by the way is a reflection of his intelligence. You must have missed it when you were in the US. He simply said, "trust me".
This idea is revolutionary because it simply renders all institutions, including constitutions, courts and etc. unnecessary. "simplicity is a reflection of perfection," and Mr. Erdogan should be very happy with his answer. We have one person who will do all the checks and balances. See, isn't that revolutionary? How silly of Jefferson, Hamilton and Jay to separate them. It must be a lot of work on the part of the US political system.
Lets not forget about the message Mr. Erdogan sends to every democratic regime in the world. Who needs institutions when you have such as trustworthy leader?
In case something goes wrong, lets say if he is not in power anymore for any reason, then you have other highly sophisticated mechanisms to protect your rights, including converting to Islam. Dont you already feel better?
Posted by: cingoz at October 2, 2008 12:12 AM
Hello.
:)
Martha Louise, who is the only daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja, gave up the title of 'royal highness' upon her 2002 marriage to writer Ari, and has a reputation for not standing on ceremony.
Bye.
Posted by: Fuladusyamoum at October 10, 2008 8:59 PM